By David William Jedell Updated December 29, 2024
Disclaimer: Nothing in this paper is to be construed as medical advice and is for informational purposes only.
Vaccine Concerns
In Florida alone, there was a 1,700% increase in VAERS reports after the release of the COVID-19 vaccine, compared to an increase of 400% in overall vaccine administration for the same time period (Figure 1). The reporting of life-threatening conditions increased over 4,400%. This is a novel increase and was not seen during the 2009 H1N1 vaccination campaign. There is a need for additional unbiased research to better understand the COVID-19 vaccines' short- and long-term effects. mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were associated with an excess risk of serious adverse events, including coagulation disorders, acute cardiac injuries, Bell’s palsy, acute cardiac arrests, other acute cardiac events, and encephalitis. This risk was 1 in 550 individuals, which is much higher than other vaccines.
https://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2023/02/20230215-updated-health-alert.pr.html
Reported Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients apparently receiving remdesivir
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10099148/
VAERS
COVID Vaccine Adverse Event Reports 1,652,230 Through October 25, 2024
Based on HHS Data
38k Deaths
218k Hospitalized
155k Urgent Care
245k Doctor Office Visits
10k Anaphylaxis
17k Bell's Palsy
5k Miscarriages
22k Heart Attacks
28K Myocarditis/Pericarditis
72k Permanently Disabled
9k Thrombocytopenia/Low Platelets
40k Life Threatening
47k Severe Allergic Reaction
16k Shingles
https://www.openvaers.com/covid-data
Yet, October 23, 2024, CDC Recommends Second Dose of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine for People 65 Years and Older and for People Who are Moderately or Severely Immunocompromised.
https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/s1023-covid-19-vaccine.html
Since publishing successful clinical trial results of mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccines in December 2020, multiple reports have arisen about cardiovascular complications following the mRNA vaccination. This study provides an in‐depth account of various cardiovascular adverse events reported after the mRNA vaccines' first or second dose including pericarditis/myopericarditis, myocarditis, hypotension, hypertension, arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, stroke, myocardial infarction/STEMI, intracranial hemorrhage, thrombosis (deep vein thrombosis, cerebral venous thrombosis, arterial or venous thrombotic events, portal vein thrombosis, coronary thrombosis, microvascular small bowel thrombosis), and pulmonary embolism. Vaccine recommendations can be reviewed considering our analysis, highlighting the need for robust post‐marketing surveillance, especially for such events that can generate findings pivotal for future evaluations that establish the safety profile of the mRNA‐1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer−BioNTech).
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10022421/
Other Vaccine Issues
$3.8 billion Paid for Vaccine Injuries in U.S.
According to the CDC, from 2006 to 2016 over 3.1 billion doses of covered vaccines were distributed in the U.S. For petitions filed in this time period, 5,426 petitions were adjudicated by the Court, and of those 3,676 were compensated. This means for every 1 million doses of vaccine that were distributed, 1 individual was compensated. Since 1988, over 19,361 petitions have been filed with the VICP. Over that 29-year time period, 17,168 petitions have been adjudicated, with 5,999 of those determined to be compensable, while 11,169 were dismissed. Total compensation paid over the life of the program is approximately $3.8 billion.
https://www.hrsa.gov/vaccine-compensation/data/index.html
Immunizations Schedule for Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger, CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/child-adolescent-age.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html
Apparent Higher Infant Mortality Rate
The US childhood immunization schedule requires 26 vaccine doses for infants aged less than 1 year, the most in the world, yet 33 nations have better IMRs. Using linear regression, the immunization schedules of these 34 nations were examined and a correlation coefficient of 0.70 was found between IMRs and the number of vaccine doses routinely given to infants. When nations were grouped into five different vaccine dose ranges (12–14, 15–17, 18–20, 21–23, and 24–26), 98.3% of the total variance in IMR was explained by the unweighted linear regression model. These findings demonstrate a counter-intuitive relationship: nations that require more vaccine doses tend to have higher infant mortality rates.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3170075/
Apparent Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by standardized criteria of qualitative impairments in social interaction, qualitative impairments in communication, and restricted and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. A significant number of children diagnosed with ASD suffer a loss of previously-acquired skills, which is suggestive of neurodegeneration or a type of progressive encephalopathy with an etiological pathogenic basis occurring after birth. To date, the etiology of ASD remains under debate, however, many studies suggest toxicity, especially from mercury (Hg), in individuals diagnosed with an ASD.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3878266/
Apparent Autoimmune Spectrum Disorders - Scientific Studies
A study published in the journal Annals of Epidemiology has shown that giving the Hepatitis B vaccine to newborn baby boys could triple the risk of developing an autism spectrum disorder compared to boys who were not vaccinated as neonates. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21058170/
Apparent Abnormal Brain Connectivity Spectrum Disorders Following Thimerosal Administration https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5433557/
On average, for each 1,000 lb of environmentally released mercury, there was a 43% increase in the rate of special education services and a 61% increase in the rate of autism. The association between environmentally released mercury and special education rates were fully mediated by increased autism rates. This ecological study suggests the need for further research regarding the association between environmentally released mercury and developmental disorders such as autism. These results have implications for policy planning and cost analysis. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16338635/
Apparently according to government sponsored research, evidence of mercury intoxication should be considered as a potential contributing factor in the differential diagnosis of some cases of regressive Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), particularly when there is a history of significant mercury exposure, like from thimerosal-containing vaccines. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17454560/
The ethylmercury-containing preservative thimerosal inhibited both IGF-1- and dopamine-stimulated methylation with an IC(50) of 1 nM and eliminated MS activity. Our findings outline a novel growth factor signaling pathway that regulates MS activity and thereby modulates methylation reactions, including DNA methylation. The potent inhibition of this pathway by ethanol, lead, mercury, aluminum and thimerosal suggests that it may be an important target of neurodevelopmental toxins.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14745455/
A case series of children with apparent mercury toxic encephalopathies manifesting with clinical symptoms of regressive autistic disorders. Patients examined were exposed to significant mercury from Thimerosal-containing biologic/vaccine preparations during their fetal/infant developmental periods, and subsequently, between 12 and 24 mo of age, these previously normally developing children suffered mercury toxic encephalopathies that manifested with clinical symptoms consistent with regressive ASDs.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17454560/
Impairments in social relatedness and communication, repetitive behaviors, and stereotypic abnormal movement patterns apparently characterize autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17454560/
Autoimmune Inflammatory Syndrome Apparently Induced by Adjuvants. An adjuvant is a substance that enhances the antigen-specific immune response, induces the release of inflammatory cytokines, and interacts with Toll-like receptors and the NALP3 inflammasome. The immunological consequence of these actions is to stimulate the innate and adaptive immune response. The activation of the immune system by adjuvants, a desirable effect, could trigger manifestations of autoimmunity or autoimmune disease. Recently, a new syndrome was introduced, autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA), that includes postvaccination phenomena, macrophagic myofasciitis, Gulf War syndrome and siliconosis. This syndrome is characterized by nonspecific and specific manifestations of autoimmune disease. The main substances associated with ASIA are squalene (Gulf War syndrome), aluminum hydroxide (postvaccination phenomena, macrophagic myofasciitis) and silicone with siliconosis. Mineral oil, guaiacol and iodine gadital are also associated with ASIA
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23557271
Hib Vaccine Apparently Causes Insulin Dependent Diabetes 3 years Later
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12911277
Hepatitis B Vaccine and Autoimmune Disorders. “One would have to consider that there is causal relationship between HBV and serious autoimmune disorders among certain susceptible vaccine recipients in a defined temporal period following immunization.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15638050
Hepatitis B Vaccine and Bell’s Palsy. “Bell’s Palsy is the sudden onset of unilateral temporary paralysis of facial muscles resulting from seventh cranial nerve dysfunction.” Presented here is a two-year old female patient with right peripheral facial palsy following hepatitis B vaccination. Readers' attention is drawn to an uncommon cause of Bell's Palsy, as a rare complication of hepatitis B vaccination.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19902808
Bell's palsy as an apparently possible complication of hepatitis B vaccination in a child. Hepatitis B Vaccine and MS. “A number of convergent facts, however, suggests that the manufacturing process could introduce HBV polymerase as a contaminant, and then trigger an auto-immune process against myelin in some vaccinated subjects. Of great significance, this hypothesis is likely to give the missing link to account for the considerable body of clinical and epidemiological evidence documenting that, for a drug used with a preventive purpose, HBV has an unusual potential to induce central neurological disorders amongst others unwanted side-effects.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16176857
Common clinical characteristics were observed among 93 patients diagnosed with immune-mediated conditions post-HBVv, suggesting a common denominator in these diseases. In addition, risk factors such as history of autoimmune diseases and the appearance of adverse event(s) during immunization may serve to predict the risk of post-immunization diseases. The ASIA criteria were found to be very useful among adults with post-vaccination events.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235045
Apparently, repeated immunization with antigen causes systemic autoimmunity in mice otherwise not prone to spontaneous autoimmune diseases. Systemic autoimmunity appears to be the inevitable consequence of over-stimulating the host's immune ‘system’ by repeated immunization with antigen, to the levels that surpass system's self-organized criticality.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2795160/
Vaccination and Autoimmunity: Vaccinosis. “Brain antibodies as well as clinical symptoms have apparently been found in patients vaccinated against those diseases. Other apparent autoimmune illnesses have been associated with vaccinations. Tetanus toxoid, influenza vaccines, polio vaccine, and others, have been related to phenomena ranging from autoantibodies production to full-blown illness (such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA)). Conflicting data exists regarding also the connection between autism and vaccination with measles vaccine.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10648110
Vaccines, in several reports apparently were found to be temporally followed by a new onset of autoimmune diseases. The same mechanisms that act in infectious invasion of the host, apply equally to the host response to vaccination. It has been accepted for diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, polio and measles vaccines and GBS. Also this theory has been accepted for MMR vaccination and development of autoimmune thrombocytopenia, MS has been associated with HBV vaccination.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126512
The common immunogenic etiology of chronic fatigue syndrome: from infections to vaccines via adjuvants to the ASIA syndrome
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22054760
AsIA Syndrome. ‘ASIA’ – Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants. Four conditions: siliconosis, the Gulf war syndrome (GWS), the macrophagic myofasciitis syndrome (MMF) and post-vaccination phenomena were linked with previous exposure to an adjuvant.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20708902
The common immunogenic etiology of chronic fatigue syndrome: Apparently from infections to vaccines via adjuvants to the ASIA syndrome. AISA (autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants) syndrome was recognized, indicating the possible contribution of adjuvants and vaccines to the development of autoimmunity.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22054760
Shoenfeld’s Syndrome After Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1 Vaccination autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome apparently induced by adjuvants (ASIA). This syndrome is characterized by the appearance of myalgia, myositis, muscle weakness, arthralgia, arthritis, chronic fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment and memory loss, and the possible emergence of a demyelinating autoimmune disease caused by systemic exposure after vaccines and adjuvants.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21483283
POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE
Silver has historically and extensively been used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. However, the Food and Drug Administration currently does not recognize colloidal silver as a safe and effective antimicrobial agent. The goal of this study was to further evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of colloidal silver. For bacteria grown under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, significant growth inhibition was observed, although multiple treatments were typically required. For fungal cultures, the effects of ionic colloidal silver varied significantly between different genera. The study data support ionic colloidal silver as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, while having a more limited and specific spectrum of activity against fungi.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23017226/
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammtory, and antiangiogenic due to its unique properties such as physical, chemical, and biological properties. The present study was aimed to investigate antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with conventional antibiotics against various human pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of antibiotics or AgNPs, or combinations of AgNPs with an antibiotic was evaluated using a series of assays: such as in vitro killing assay, disc diffusion assay, biofilm inhibition, and reactive oxygen species generation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumonia. The results suggest that, in combination with antibiotics, there were significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects at lowest concentration of AgNPs using a novel plant extract of A. cobbe, otherwise sublethal concentrations of the antibiotics. The significant enhancing effects were observed for ampicillin and vancomycin against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. These data suggest that combining antibiotics and biogenic AgNPs can be used therapeutically for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria. This study presented evidence of antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of A. cobbe-mediated synthesis of AgNPs and their enhanced capacity against various human pathogenic bacteria. These results suggest that AgNPs could be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of infectious diseases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25136281
"The most critical physico-chemical parameters that affect the antimicrobial potential of AgNPs include size, shape, surface charge, concentration and colloidal state. AgNPs exhibits their antimicrobial potential through multifaceted mechanisms. AgNPs adhesion to microbial cells, penetration inside the cells, ROS and free radical generation, and modulation of microbial signal transduction pathways have been recognized as the most prominent modes of antimicrobial action."
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5110546/
Silver nanoparticles as a treatment against SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID-19). Several human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are distinguished by the ability to generate epidemics or pandemics, with their corresponding diseases characterized by severe respiratory illness, such as that which occurs in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS‐CoV-2), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS‐CoV), and, today, in SARS‐CoV‐2, an outbreak that has struck explosively and uncontrollably beginning in December 2019 and has claimed the lives of more than 1.9 M people worldwide as of January 2021. The development of vaccines has taken one year, which is why it is necessary to investigate whether some already‐existing alternatives that have been successfully developed in recent years can mitigate the pandemic's advance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have proved effective in antiviral action. Thus, in this review, several in vitro and in vivo studies of the effect of AgNPs on viruses that cause respiratory diseases are analyzed and discussed to promote an understanding of the possible interaction of AgNPs with SARS‐CoV‐2. The study focuses on several in vivo toxicological studies of AgNPs and a dose extrapolation to humans to determine the chief avenue of exposure. It can be concluded that the use of AgNPs as a possible treatment for SARS‐CoV‐2 could be viable, based on comparing the virus' behavior to that of similar viruses in in vivo studies, and that the suggested route of administration in terms of least degree of adverse effects is inhalation.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7995207/
More Goverment Sponsored Research:
NIH Virus/Pathogen Research Papers On Colloidal Silver Efficacy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244796/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22024958/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7486059/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7695609/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244796/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22024958/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7486059/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7695609/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6315945/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7415816/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167925/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4955599/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8950764/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7404954/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3304363/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3826769/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21812950/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8375774/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8169222/
Fluoride Concerns
Human data: Apparently, skin rashes and complaints of the gastric, intestinal, circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems have been reported in workers exposed chronically to concentrations ranging from 11 to 24 mg F/m3 [Roholm 1937]. Chronic exposures at concentrations greater than 24 mg F/m3 have been considered to be “elevated” and a concentration of 10 mg F/m3 was considered “excessive” [Collings et al. 1952]. It has also been stated that the atmospheric concentration immediately hazardous to life is unknown, and particulate fluorides are not likely to cause acute health problems among workers unless large quantities are ingested; concentrations producing immediate illness are unknown, but most likely are very high [AIHA 1965]. It has been stated that 5 grams of sodium fluoride is the probable lethal oral dose [Largent 1961]. [Note: An oral dose of 5 grams is equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 1,500 mg F/m3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.]
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/fluoride.html
The use of a new calcium mesoporous silica nanoparticle versus calcium and/or fluoride products in reducing the progression of dental erosion. Ca2-MSN treatment can prevent the progression of enamel erosion as well as NaF can, likely due to the capacity of the silica to increase the bioavailability and slow the release of the incorporated molecules or ions, 27 much like the calcium used in our study, thus acting in the remineralization process.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7384487/
Vitamin D Promotes Odontogenic (tooth related) Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells via ERK Activation. Study reveals that 1α,25(OH)2D3 promotes the odontoblast like cell properties, including odontoblast-related DSPP and DMP1 upregulation, high ALP activity, and calcification of HDPCs through the activation of ERK MAPK. These findings suggest that vitamin D may be useful in inducing odontogenesis and facilitating dentin regeneration.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4507025/
Food Ingredients and Packaging
Many additives, some of which have no nutritional value, can be legally used in processed foods. They intensify colour, thicken, increase shelf life and enhance flavour. Regulatory authorities issue approvals as safe within acceptable quantitative limits. Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) contain combinations of all these additives and are particularly attractive to children.Many publications suggest that artificial colourants, benzoate preservatives, non-caloric sweeteners, emulsifiers and their degradation derivatives have adverse effects by increasing risks of mental health disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and potential carcinogenic effects.A systematic review has established that artificial azo dye food colourants (AFCs) and sodium benzoate preservative cause disturbed behaviour in children. AFCs and benzoates in animal models have neurotoxic properties through gut microbial generation of toxic metabolites. Observational studies show associations between high emulsifier intake and cardiovascular disease. Animal models and in vitro studies have highlighted neurotoxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. High intake of non-caloric sweeteners has been linked to cardiovascular disease and depression in adults and is linked to childhood obesity.Little research has focused on children who are the largest consumers of UPFs. Potentially, they are a ticking time bomb for adult obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, mental health disorders and cancers. Based on risk/benefit analysis, azo dye AFCs should be banned. Benzoates, emulsifiers and sweeteners require assessment of quantitative limits and cumulative effects of combinations. Consumers purchasing UPFs require information through ingredient health warnings and recommendations to use natural unprocessed foods which have well-described health-promoting properties.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38423749/
Propylene Glycol
Adverse effects of PG have occurred following topical, oral, and intravenous administration.2–,5 The adverse effects associated with PG include CNS toxicity, hyperosmolarity, hemolysis, cardiac arrhythmia, and lactic acidosis.6–,8 Oral and intravenous multivitamin preparations containing PG have been associated with adverse effects. A 15-month-old boy who received large doses of vitamin C suspended in PG had episodes of unresponsiveness, tachypnea, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and hypoglycemia.3 Seizures have been reported following ingestion of PG used as a vehicle to administer vitamin D.4 Hyperosmolarity in small infants has also been reported following the intravenous administration of a multivitamin preparation containing PG
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4341412/#:~:text=Although%20PG%20is%20generally%20considered,%2C%20agitation%2C%20and%20lactic%20acidosis
Sodium nitrite
Sodium nitrite can cause serious adverse reactions and death in humans, even at doses less than twice the recommended therapeutic dose. Sodium nitrite causes hypotension and methemoglobin formation, which diminishes oxygen carrying capacity. Hypotension and methemoglobin formation can occur concurrently or separately.
https://chemm.hhs.gov/countermeasure_sodium-nitrite.htm#adv
Caramel Colouring
Soft drinks, including sodas, are widely consumed in the United States. A common ingredient in many soft drinks (e.g., colas, root beers, iced teas) is caramel color produced with ammonium compounds (i.e., caramel color type IV). The use of these compounds to manufacture caramel color can result in the formation of 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI). In recent years, evidence for the carcinogenicity of 4-MEI has raised concerns about uses of caramel color type III and IV that may expose consumers to 4-MEI and increase cancer risk
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4333292/
Next: NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of 2- and 4-Methylimidazole (CAS No. 693-98-1 and 822-36-6) administered in feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice
Abstract
2-Methylimidazole and 4-methylimidazole are intermediate/starting materials or components in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, photographic and photothermographic chemicals, dyes and pigments, agricultural chemicals, and rubber; these chemicals have been identified as undesirable by-products in several foods and have been detected in mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke. The National Cancer Institute nominated 2- and 4-methylimidazole as candidates for toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. Toxicity studies were carried out in male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Animals were exposed to 2- or 4-methylimidazole in feed for 15 days or 14 weeks; clinical pathology studies were conducted in the 14-week studies on days 8, 29, and 86 and at week 14. Genetic toxicity studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, rat and mouse bone marrow, and mouse peripheral blood. Groups of five male and five female rats and mice were fed diets containing 0, 1,200, 3,300, or 10,000 ppm 2-methylimidazole (equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 115, 290, or 770 mg 2-methylimidazole/ kg body weight to rats; 220, 640, or 2,100 mg/kg to male mice; 300, 800, or 2,400 to female mice) for 15 days. Groups of five male and five female rats and mice were fed diets containing 0, 300, 800, or 2,500 ppm 4-methylimidazole (equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 30, 80, or 220 mg/kg for rats and 65, 170, or 500 mg/kg for mice) for 15 days. In the 15-day 2-methylimidazole studies, all animals survived to the end of the studies. The mean body weights of 10,000 ppm male rats and female mice were significantly less than those of the controls. Feed consumption by 10,000 ppm male and female rats was reduced. Enlarged thyroid glands were observed in 3,300 and 10,000 ppm male and female rats. The incidences of diffuse hyperplasia of follicular cells of the thyroid gland in 3,300 and 10,000 ppm male and female rats and pars distalis hypertrophy of the pituitary gland in 3,300 and 10,000 ppm males and 10,000 ppm females were increased compared to the controls. In all exposed groups of male and female mice, the incidences and severities of follicular cell hypertrophy of the thyroid gland and the severities of hematopoietic cell proliferation of the spleen generally increased with increasing exposure concentration. In the 4-methylimidazole studies, all animals survived to the end of the studies, and there were no significant differences in mean body weights, clinical findings, organ weights, or gross or microscopic lesions between exposed and control groups. Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats and mice were fed diets containing 0, 625, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000, or 10,000 ppm 2- or 4-methylimidazole (equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 40, 80, 160, 300, or 560 mg/kg 2- or 4-methylimidazole to rats; and 100, 165, 360, 780, or 1,740 mg/kg 2-methylimidazole or 100, 240, 440, 915, or 1,840 mg/kg 4-methylimidazole to male mice; and 90, 190, 400, 800, or 1,860 mg/kg 2-methylimidazole or 110, 240, 540, 1,130, or 3,180 mg/kg 4-methylimidazole to females) for 14 weeks. All animals survived to the end of the 14-week 2-methylimidazole studies. Compared to the controls, the mean body weights were significantly decreased in groups of male rats and mice exposed to 2,500 ppm or greater and in 5,000 and 10,000 ppm female rats and mice. In rats, 2-methylimidazole induced a transient erythrocytosis in females and a minimal, exposure concentration-related, microcytic, normochromic, nonresponsive anemia. 2-Methylimidazole increased thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations and decreased thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations of male and female rats in an exposure concentration-related manner. 2-Methylimidazole induced a mild to moderate, exposure concentration-related, macrocytic, hyperchromic, responsive anemia in mice. Triiodothyronine concentrations were increased in exposed male and female mice, and thyroxine concentrations were decreased in exposed females. Relative to the control groups, clinical chemistry evaluations on day 29 and at week 14 identified decreases in alanine aminotransferase concentrations and total protein and albumin concentrations of rats. In the 2-methylimidazole studies, absolute spleen weights were significantly increased in all exposed groups of male rats. The heart and liver weights were increased in all exposed groups of male mice, as were the spleen weights of female mice exposed to 2,500 ppm or greater. Spermatid heads per testis and mean spermatid count were significantly decreased in 10,000 ppm male rats. The estrous cycle of 10,000 ppm female rats was significantly increased. Gross pathology observations included enlarged thyroid glands, small uteri, and mottled spleen in 5,000 and 10,000 ppm mice. The incidences of diffuse follicular cell hyperplasia of the thyroid gland were significantly increased in male rats exposed to 1,250 ppm or greater and female rats exposed to 2,500 ppm or greater. The incidence of testicular degeneration was significantly increased in 10,000 ppm male rats, and two males in the 10,000 ppm group had follicular cell adenoma of the thyroid gland. In mice, there were generally significant increases in the incidences of follicular cell hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, hematopoietic cell proliferation of the spleen, and hemosiderin pigmentation of the renal tubule in males exposed to 1,250 ppm or greater and females exposed to 2,500 ppm or greater. In the 14-week 4-methylimidazole studies, one 10,000 ppm male mouse was found dead during week 4, and seven 10,000 ppm female mice were found dead during weeks 1 and 2. Mean body weights were significantly less than those of the controls for male rats exposed to 2,500 ppm or greater, 5,000 and 10,000 ppm female rats, male mice exposed to 1,250 ppm or greater, and all exposed groups of female mice. Reduced feed consumption was observed in 5,000 and 10,000 ppm male and female rats. Clinical findings included nasal/eye discharge, ruffled fur, thinness, ataxia, and abnormal breathing in rats, and ruffled fur and dull coats in female mice. On days 29 and 82, functional observations in 5,000 and 10,000 ppm rats included labored or increased respiration, mild tremors, walking on tiptoes, hunched posture, piloerection, crouching over, impaired coordination of movement, ataxia, and pupillary constriction. 4-Methylimidazole induced a transient erythrocytosis and a minimal, exposure concentration-related, microcytic, normochromic, nonresponsive anemia in male and female rats. Clinical chemistry evaluations generally showed a cholestatic effect in exposed male and female rats. At week 14, there was a significant decrease in total protein and albumin concentrations of female rats exposed to 5,000 or 10,000 ppm. In mice, 4-methylimidazole induced a macrocytic, hyperchromic, responsive anemia and, particularly in males, increases in triiododthyronine concentrations and transient decreases in thyroxine concentrations. In the 4-methylimidazole studies, the liver weights of male rats exposed to 2,500 ppm or greater were significantly increased; spleen weights of female rats exposed to 2,500 ppm or greater were decreased. The absolute liver weight was decreased in 10,000 ppm male mice, and relative weights were significantly increased in all exposed groups of mice. In female mice, there was a significant decrease in the absolute weights and increase in the relative weights of the heart, right kidney, and liver in groups exposed to 2,500 ppm or greater. The epididymal spermatozoal concentration was significantly increased in 5,000 ppm male rats. Gross pathology observations included pale livers in male rats exposed to 2,500 ppm or greater and small testes and uteri in 10,000 ppm male and female rats. Microscopic analysis identified significantly increased incidences of cytoplasmic hepatocyte vacuolization of the liver of male rats exposed to 2,500 ppm or greater and 10,000 ppm female rats, hypospermia of the epididymis in 10,000 ppm male rats, atrophy and inflammation of the prostate gland in 10,000 ppm male rats, and degeneration of the testes in 5,000 and 10,000 ppm male rats. 2-Methylimidazole and 4-methylimidazole were negative in the S. typhimurium mutation assay when tested in strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA1535, with and without S9 activation enzymes. Testing of 2-methylimidazole in vivo for induction of chromosomal damage, as measured by micronucleated erythrocyte frequency, produced mixed results. When administered by intraperitoneal injection three times at 24-hour intervals, 2-methylimidazole produced negative results in bone marrow micronucleus tests in rats and mice. However, in the 14-week study of 2-methylimidazole, a significant exposure-related increase in the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes was noted in peripheral blood of male and female mice. In vivo, 4-methylimidazole produced uniformly negative results in three-injection bone marrow micronucleus tests in rats and mice and in 14-week peripheral blood micronucleus tests in male and female mice.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15146214/
Potassium Bromate
Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is an oxidizing agent that has been used as a food additive, mainly in the bread-making process. Although adverse effects are not evident in animals fed bread-based diets made from flour treated with KBrO3, the agent is carcinogenic in rats and nephrotoxic in both man and experimental animals when given orally. It has been demonstrated that KBrO3 induces renal cell tumors, mesotheliomas of the peritoneum, and follicular cell tumors of the thyroid. In addition, experiments aimed at elucidating the mode of carcinogenic action have revealed that KBrO3 is a complete carcinogen, possessing both initiating and promoting activities for rat renal tumorigenesis. However, the potential seems to be weak in mice and hamsters. In contrast to its weak mutagenic activity in microbial assays, KBrO3 showed relatively strong potential inducing chromosome aberrations both in vitro and in vivo. Glutathione and cysteine degrade KBrO3 in vitro; in turn, the KBrO3 has inhibitory effects on inducing lipid peroxidation in the rat kidney. Active oxygen radicals generated from KBrO3 were implicated in its toxic and carcinogenic effects, especially because KBrO3 produced 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the rat kidney. A wide range of data from applications of various analytical methods are now available for risk assessment purposes.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1567851/
Phosphate Additives
Hyperphosphatemia has been identified in the past decade as a strong predictor of mortality in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). For example, a study of patients in stage CKD 5 (with an annual mortality of about 20%) revealed that 12% of all deaths in this group were attributable to an elevated serum phosphate concentration. Recently, a high-normal serum phosphate concentration has also been found to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality in the general population. Therefore, phosphate additives in food are a matter of concern, and their potential impact on health may well have been underappreciated.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3278747/
Phthalates
While the benefits of plastics are enjoyed worldwide, the environment and human health are adversely influenced (Figure 2). Phthalates, as endocrine-disrupting chemicals and SVOCs, are detrimental to the reproductive, neurological, and developmental systems of human from multiple exposure pathways. Children are at a higher level of exposure and more vulnerable to phthalates. Currently, many phthalates are banned and restricted in multiple countries.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8157593/
GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms)
GMO technology has been used to make crops resistant to chemical herbicides. As a result, herbicide use has increased exponentially. The World Health Organization's International Agency on Research for Cancer has determined that glyphosate, an herbicide widely used in producing GMO food crops, is a probable human carcinogen.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38073334/
Chlorpyrifos
Many Food Additives May Cause Harm
Many additives, some of which have no nutritional value, can be legally used in processed foods. They intensify colour, thicken, increase shelf life and enhance flavour. Regulatory authorities issue approvals as safe within acceptable quantitative limits. Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) contain combinations of all these additives and are particularly attractive to children.Many publications suggest that artificial colourants, benzoate preservatives, non-caloric sweeteners, emulsifiers and their degradation derivatives have adverse effects by increasing risks of mental health disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and potential carcinogenic effects.A systematic review has established that artificial azo dye food colourants (AFCs) and sodium benzoate preservative cause disturbed behaviour in children. AFCs and benzoates in animal models have neurotoxic properties through gut microbial generation of toxic metabolites. Observational studies show associations between high emulsifier intake and cardiovascular disease. Animal models and in vitro studies have highlighted neurotoxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. High intake of non-caloric sweeteners has been linked to cardiovascular disease and depression in adults and is linked to childhood obesity.Little research has focused on children who are the largest consumers of UPFs. Potentially, they are a ticking time bomb for adult obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, mental health disorders and cancers. Based on risk/benefit analysis, azo dye AFCs should be banned. Benzoates, emulsifiers and sweeteners require assessment of quantitative limits and cumulative effects of combinations. Consumers purchasing UPFs require information through ingredient health warnings and recommendations to use natural unprocessed foods which have well-described health-promoting properties.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38423749/
Potassium bromate
Apparent toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate--a new renal carcinogen. Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is an oxidizing agent that has been used as a food additive, mainly in the bread-making process. Although adverse effects are not evident in animals fed bread-based diets made from flour treated with KBrO3, the agent is carcinogenic in rats and nephrotoxic in both man and experimental animals when given orally. It has been demonstrated that KBrO3 induces renal cell tumors, mesotheliomas of the peritoneum, and follicular cell tumors of the thyroid. In addition, experiments aimed at elucidating the mode of carcinogenic action have revealed that KBrO3 is a complete carcinogen, possessing both initiating and promoting activities for rat renal tumorigenesis. However, the potential seems to be weak in mice and hamsters. In contrast to its weak mutagenic activity in microbial assays, KBrO3 showed relatively strong potential inducing chromosome aberrations both in vitro and in vivo. Glutathione and cysteine degrade KBrO3 in vitro; in turn, the KBrO3 has inhibitory effects on inducing lipid peroxidation in the rat kidney. Active oxygen radicals generated from KBrO3 were implicated in its toxic and carcinogenic effects, especially because KBrO3 produced 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the rat kidney. A wide range of data from applications of various analytical methods are now available for risk assessment purposes.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1567851/
TBHQ
Apparently, TBHQ can have side effects on human health through activation of inflammatory routes, generation of reactive species, induction of CYP1A1, activation of caspases, and decreases in GSH/ATP levels, and triggering of the gradual development of cancers. Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is a patented potential oil-soluble antioxidant used as an effective additive in various products [18], [19], [20]. TBHQ is more efficient than other synthetic antioxidants in vegetable oils and animal fat [21]. In contrast, high quantities of TBHQ cause harmful effects on animals, such as inducing gastrointestinal tumors and damaging deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) rings [22]. For instance, several studies have shown that TBHQ results in the development of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in DNA due to ROS production such as superoxide anion and H2O2 [16], [19]. Moreover, suppressing/increasing effects of TBHQ on gene expression can modify its cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on various cell lines
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9764193/#:~:text=Tert%2Dbutylhydroquinone%20(TBHQ)%20is,and%20animal%20fat%20%5B21%5D.
BHA
Carcinogenicity. Apparently, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) apparently is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from
studies in experimental animals.
https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ntp/roc/content/profiles/butylatedhydroxyanisole.pdf
Aspartame
Apparently, studies have shown that aspartame is a carcinogenic agent in experimental animals, inducing a significant dose-related increased incidence of several types of malignant tumors and, among them, hematological neoplasia, and liver cancer.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39041328/
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